sábado, 29 de abril de 2017

Rappaccini's Daughter


Rappaccini's Daughter, Part 1Resultado de imagem para Rappaccini's Daughter,




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Our story today is called "Rappaccini's Daughter."  It was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. We will tell the story in two parts. Here is Kay Gallant with the first part of our story.
Many years ago, a young man named Giovanni Guasconti left his home in Naples to study in northern Italy. He rented a small room on the top floor of a dark and ancient palace. Long ago, the building had belonged to a noble family. Now, an old woman, Signora Lisabetta, rented its rooms to students at the University of Padua.
Giovanni's room had a small window. From it he could see a large garden that had many plants and flowers. "Does the garden belong to you?" he asked Signora Lisabetta one day.
"Oh no!" she said quickly. "That garden belongs to the famous doctor, Giacomo Rappaccini. People say he uses those plants to make strange kinds of medicine. He lives in that small brown house in the garden with his daughter, Beatrice."
Giovanni often sat by his window to look at the garden. He had never seen so many different kinds of plants. They all had enormous green leaves and magnificent flowers in every color of the rainbow.
Giovanni's favorite plant was in a white marble vase near the house. It was covered with big purple flowers.
One day, while Giovani was looking out his window, he saw an old man in a black cape walking in the garden. The old man was tall and thin. His face was an unhealthy yellow color. His black eyes were very cold.
The old man wore thick gloves on his hands and a mask over his mouth and nose. He walked carefully among the plants, as if he were walking among wild animals or poisonous snakes. Although he looked at the flowers very closely, he did not touch or smell any of them.
When the old man arrived at the plant with the big purple flowers, he stopped.  He took off his mask and called loudly, "Beatrice! Come help me!"
"I am coming, Father. What do you want?" answered a warm young voice from inside the house. A young woman came into the garden. Her thick, dark hair fell around her shoulders in curls. Her cheeks were pink and her eyes were large and black.
She seemed full of life, health and energy as she walked among the plants. Giovanni thought she was as beautiful as the purple flowers in the marble vase. The old man said something to her. She nodded her head as she touched and smelled the flowers that her father had been so careful to avoid.
Several weeks later, Giovanni went to visit Pietro Baglioni, a friend of his father's.  Professor Baglioni taught medicine at the university. During the visit, Giovanni asked about Doctor Rappaccini. "He is a great scientist," Professor Baglioni replied. "But he is also a dangerous man."
"Why?" asked Giovanni.
The older man shook his head slowly. "Because Rappaccini cares more about science than he does about people. He has created many terrible poisons from the plants in his garden. He thinks he can cure sickness with these poisons.
It is true that several times he has cured a very sick person that everyone thought would die. But Rappaccini's medicine has also killed many people. I think he would sacrifice any life, even his own, for one of his experiments."
"But what about his daughter?" Giovanni said. "I'm sure he loves her."
The old professor smiled at the young man. "So," he said, "You have heard about Beatrice Rappaccini. People say she is very beautiful. But few men in Padua have ever seen her. She never leaves here father's garden."
Giovanni left professor Baglione's house as the sun was setting. On his way home, he stopped at a flower shop where he bought some fresh flowers. He returned to his room and sat by the window.
Very little sunlight was left. The garden was quiet. The purple flowers on Giovanni's favorite plant seemed to glow in the evening's fading light.
Then someone came out of the doorway of the little brown house. It was Beatrice. She entered the garden and walked among the plants. She bent to touch the leaves of a plant or to smell a flower. Rappaccini's daughter seemed to grow more beautiful with each step.
When she reached the purple plant, she buried her face in its flowers. Giovanni heard her say "Give me your breath, my sister. The ordinary air makes me weak. And give me one of your beautiful flowers." Beatrice gently broke off one of the largest flowers. As she lifted it to put it in her dark hair, a few drops of liquid from the flower fell to the ground.
One of the drops landed on the head of a tiny lizard crawling near the feet of Beatrice. For a moment the small animal twisted violently. Then it moved no more. Beatrice did not seem surprised. She sighed and placed the flower in her hair.
Giovanni leaned out of the window so he could see her better. At this moment, a beautiful butterfly flew over the garden wall. It seemed to be attracted by Beatrice and flew once around her head. Then, the insect's bright wings stopped and it fell to the ground dead. Beatrice shook her head sadly.
Suddenly, she looked up at Giovanni's window.  She saw the young man looking at her. Giovanni picked up the flowers he had bought and threw them down to her. "Young lady," he said, "Wear these flowers as a gift from Giovanni Guasconti."
"Thank you," Beatrice answered. She picked up the flowers from the ground and quickly ran to the house. She stopped at the door for a moment to wave shyly to Giovanni. It seemed to him that his flowers were beginning to turn brown in her hands.
For many days, the young man stayed away from the window that looked out on Rappaccini's garden. He wished he had not talked to Beatrice because now he felt under the power of her beauty.
He was a little afraid of her, too.  He could not forget how the little lizard and the butterfly had died.
One day, while he was returning home from his classes, he met Professor Baglioni on the street.
"Well, Giovanni," the old man said, "have you forgotten me?" Then he looked closely at the young man. "What is wrong, my friend? Your appearance has changed since the last time we met." It was true. Giovanni had become very thin. His face was white, and his eyes seemed to burn with fever.
As they stood talking, a man dressed in a long black cape came down the street. He moved slowly, like a person in poor health. His face was yellow, but his eyes were sharp and black. It was the man Giovanni had seen in the garden. As he passed them, the old man nodded coldly to Professor Baglioni.  But he looked at Giovanni with a great deal of interest.
"It's Doctor Rappaccini!" Professor Baglioni whispered after the old man had passed them. "Has he ever seen your face before?"
Giovanni shook his head. "No," he answered, "I don't think so."
Professor Baglioni looked worried. "I think he has seen you before. I know that cold look of his! He looks the same way when he examines an animal he has killed in one of his experiments. Giovanni, I will bet my life on it. You are the subject of one of Rappaccini's experiments!"
Giovanni stepped away from the old man. "You are joking," he said. "No, I am serious." The professor took Giovanni's arm. "Be careful, my young friend. You are in great danger."
Giovanni pulled his arm away.  "I must be going," he said, "Good night."
As Giovanni hurried to his room, he felt confused and a little frightened.
Signora Lisabetta was waiting for him outside his door.  She knew he was interested in Beatrice. "I have good news for you," she said.  "I know where there is a secret entrance into Rappaccini's garden."
Giovanni could not believe his ears. "Where is it?" he asked. "Show me the way."

Rappaccini's Daughter, Part 2


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Today, we complete the story "Rappaccini's Daughter."  It was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Here is Kay Gallant with the second and final part of "Rappaccini's Daughter."
Many years ago, a young man named Giovanni Guasconti left his home in Naples to study in northern Italy. He took a room in an old house next to a magnificent garden filled with strange flowers and other plants.
The garden belonged to a doctor, Giacomo Rappaccini.  He lived with his daughter, Beatrice, in a small brown house in the garden. From a window of his room, Giovanni had seen that Rappaccini's daughter was very beautiful. But everyone in Padua was afraid of her father.
Pietro Baglioni, a professor at the university, warned Giovanni about the mysterious Doctor Rappaccini. "He is a great scientist," Professor Baglioni told the young man. "But he is also dangerous. Rappaccini cares more about science than he does about people.  He has created many terrible poisons from the plants in his garden."
One day, Giovanni found a secret entrance to Rappaccini's garden. He went in. The plants all seemed wild and unnatural. Giovanni realized that Rappaccini must have created these strange and terrible flowers through his experiments.
Suddenly, Rappaccini's daughter came into the garden. She moved quickly among the flowers until she reached him. Giovanni apologized for coming into the garden without an invitation. But Beatrice smiled at him and made him feel welcome.
"I see you love flowers," she said.  "And so you have come to take a closer look at my father's rare collection."
While she spoke, Giovanni noticed a perfume in the air around her. He wasn't sure if this wonderful smell came from the flowers or from her breath.
She asked him about his home and his family. She told him she had spent her life in this garden. Giovanni felt as if he were talking to a very small child. Her spirit sparkled like clear water.
They walked slowly though the garden as they talked. At last they reached a beautiful plant that was covered with large purple flowers. He realized that the perfume from those flowers was like the perfume of Beatrice's breath, but much stronger.
The young man reached out to break off one of the purple flowers. But Beatrice gave a scream that went through his heart like a knife. She caught his hand and pulled it away from the plant with all her strength.
"Don't ever touch those flowers!" she cried. "They will take your life!" Hiding her face, she ran into the house. Then, Giovanni saw Doctor Rappaccini standing in the garden.
That night, Giovanni could not stop thinking about how sweet and beautiful Beatrice was. Finally, he fell asleep. But when the morning came, he woke up in great pain. He felt as if one of his hands was on fire. It was the hand that Beatrice had grabbed in hers when he reached for one of the purple flowers.
Giovanni looked down at his hand. There was a purple mark on it that looked like four small fingers and a little thumb. But because his heart was full of Beatrice, Giovanni forgot about the pain in his hand.
He began to meet her in the garden every day. At last, she told him that she loved him. But she would never let him kiss her or even hold her hand.
One morning, several weeks later, Professor Baglioni visited Giovanni. "I was worried about you," the older man said. "You have not come to your classes at the university for more than a month. Is something wrong?"
Giovanni was not pleased to see his old friend. "No, nothing is wrong. I am fine, thank you." He wanted Professor Baglioni to leave. But the old man took off his hat and sat down.
"My dear Giovanni," he said.  "You must stay away from Rappaccini and his daughter. Her father has given her poison from the time she was a baby. The poison is in her blood and on her breath. If Rappaccini did this to his own daughter, what is he planning to do to you?"
Giovanni covered his face with his hands. "Oh my God!" he cried. "Don't worry, the old man continued. "It is not too late to save you. And we may succeed in helping Beatrice, too. Do you see this little silver bottle? It holds a medicine that will destroy even the most powerful poison. Give it to your Beatrice to drink."
Professor Baglioni put the little bottle on the table and left Giovanni's room. The young man wanted to believe that Beatrice was a sweet and innocent girl. And yet, Professor Baglioni's words had put doubts in his heart.
It was nearly time for his daily meeting with Beatrice. As Giovanni combed his hair, he looked at himself in a mirror near his bed. He could not help noticing how handsome he was. His eyes looked particularly bright. And his face had a healthy warm glow.
He said to himself, "At least her poison has not gotten into my body yet." As he spoke he happened to look at some flowers he had just bought that morning. A shock of horror went through his body.
The flowers were turning brown! Giovanni's face became very white as he stared at himself in the mirror.
Then he noticed a spider crawling near his window. He bent over the insect and blew a breath of air at it. The spider trembled, and fell dead. "I am cursed," Giovanni whispered to himself. "My own breath is poison."
At that moment, a rich, sweet voice came floating up from the garden. "Giovanni! You are late. Come down."
"You are a monster!" Giovanni shouted as soon as he reached her. "And with your poison you have made me into a monster, too. I am a prisoner of this garden."
"Giovanni!" Beatrice cried, looking at him with her large bright eyes. "Why are you saying these terrible things? It is true that I can never leave this garden. But you are free to go wherever you wish."
Giovanni looked at her with hate in his eyes. "Don't pretend that you don't know what you have done to me."
A group of insects had flown into the garden. They came toward Giovanni and flew around his head.  He blew his breath at them. The insects fell to the ground, dead.
Beatrice screamed. "I see it! I see it! My father's science has done this to us. Believe me, Giovanni, I did not ask him to do this to you. I only wanted to love you."
Giovanni's anger changed to sadness. Then, he remembered the medicine that Professor Baglioni had given him. Perhaps the medicine would destroy the poison in their bodies and help them to become normal again.
"Dear Beatrice," he said, "our fate is not so terrible." He showed her the little silver bottle and told her what the medicine inside it might do. "I will drink first," she said. "You must wait to see what happens to me before you drink it."
She put Baglioni's medicine to her lips and took a small sip. At the same moment, Rappaccini came out of his house and walked slowly toward the two young people. He spread his hands out to them as if he were giving them a blessing.
"My daughter," he said, "you are no longer alone in the world. Give Giovanni one of the purple flowers from your favorite plant. It will not hurt him now. My science and your love have made him different from ordinary men."
"My father," Beatrice said weakly, "why did you do this terrible thing to your own child?"
Rappaccini looked surprised. "What do you mean, my daughter?" he asked. "You have power no other woman has. You can defeat your strongest enemy with only your breath. Would you rather be a weak woman?"
"I want to be loved, not feared," Beatrice replied. "But now, it does not matter. I am leaving you, father. I am going where the poison you have given me will do no harm. Good bye to you, Giovanni."
Beatrice dropped to the ground. She died at the feet of her father and Giovanni. The poison had been too much a part of the young woman. The medicine that destroyed the poison, destroyed her, as well.
You have just heard the story "Rappaccini's Daughter."  It was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and adapted for Special English by Dona de Sanctis. Your storyteller was Kay Gallant. This is Shep O'Neal.



sexta-feira, 28 de abril de 2017

Tips to learn English faster

             
Tips to learn English faster


1. READ EVERYTHING YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON

Classic literature, paperbacks, newspapers, websites, emails, your social media feed, cereal boxes: if it’s in English, read it. Why? Well, this content will be full of juicy new vocabulary, as well as a fair amount you already know. This helps you improve quickly, as re-exposure to learned vocabulary gives you new examples in context, therefore reinforcing those words in your mind. On the other hand, learning new words and expressions is essential to building your vocabulary arsenal, particularly in a language like English with so many words! However, don’t just read and move on – next, you’ve got to…

2. ACTIVELY TAKE NOTE OF NEW VOCABULARY

This tip is a classic one for good reason: it works! When learning, we often enjoy a new word of phrase so much that forgetting it seems impossible. But trust us, not everything sticks the first time. To fight this, get into the habit of carrying around a funky notebook or using a tool like Evernote. Whenever you hear or read a new word or expression, write it down in context: that is, in a sentence and with its meaning noted. This saves you time as you won’t return to that word and ask yourself: “What did that word/expression mean again?”

3. TALK WITH REAL LIVE HUMANS

What is a language for if not to communicate? Sure, we humans have become experts at communicating without opening our mouths – thanks Whatsapp! – but when push comes to shove, it’s true that speaking a language helps it stick in your head far better than only reading or writing it. Just think of how many times you’ve heard people say that they “understand, but can’t speak English.” A lot of would-be English speakers have turned talking into a huge insurmountable barrier that only serves to psyche them out. Don’t be like that. Seek out native speakers for an informal language exchange, enroll in a course, or take classes online.

4. SUBSCRIBE TO PODCASTS OR YOUTUBE CHANNELS (IN ENGLISH)

Like humor? Politics? Blogging? Cooking? With topics covering every interest imaginable, there’s an English-speaking podcast or Youtube channel out there for you. Subscribe to a few and listen while driving or watch during the commute to school or work. At first, you might find the native accents difficult, but stick with it and you’ll soon start to understand what you hear (as well as learning lots of new vocab from a native speaker!)

5. GO ABROAD

If there’s a better way to learn English than being immersed in it while living and studying in an English-speaking country, we’d love to know! It’s no secret that English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and with a long list of countries to choose between, you can select your ideal learning environment based on hemisphere, weather, or favorite city. Think AustraliaNew Zealandthe UKthe USCanada, and South Africa to name a few!

6. USE YOUR FRIENDS

Have friends who post online in English? Don’t gloss over them in your newsfeed: scan the items they share and commit to exploring one or two each day. They might be news or magazine articles, videos, talks, blog posts, songs, or anything else: if it’s in English and the topic interests you, it’s going to be helpful!

7. ASK A LOT OF QUESTIONS

Curiosity may have killed the cat, but it also propelled the language learner to fluency! As you learn English, you’ll soon collect a mountain of questions. Don’t sit on your doubts – be curious and resolve them! If you’re enrolled in a course, ask your teacher (it’s what they’re there for, after all). But if you’re learning alone, don’t worry: find answers in blogs or language websites, ask other learners, or read through forums. You’ll be happy you did!

8. TAKE A LEAD FROM THE STARS

Mix up your learning by picking a native English-speaking actor or singer you like. Now, head online, find a bunch of interviews they’ve given – and watch them! Watch once for gist, then again, taking time to note down interesting expressions and words you hear. The slang, stories, humor, and anecdotes that come out of these interview are sure to give you plenty to work with!

9. START WITH WHAT YOU REALLY NEED

Your English studies are likely to go far more quickly if you constantly remind yourself of your motives for learning. Are you going on a study exchange? Then, focus on vocabulary related to your studies. Have an overseas conference? Brush up on conversation starters to use with the other participants. Going on a gap year? Looks like travel and tourism vocabulary will be your guide. If you simply launch into learning English hoping to magically learn anything and everything at once, you’re likely to end up confused and burned out. Which brings us to…

10. DON’T KICK YOURSELF WHILE YOU’RE DOWN

When you start to feel like you’re not making ground – which happens to all learners at some point – don’t say, “I don’t speak English,” or “I’ll never get this.” In fact, ban those phrases from your vocabulary! They only blur your understanding of the progress you’re making and convince you that your dreams of speaking English well are impossible. Instead, say “I’m learning English and making improvements everyday,” “It’s not always easy, but it’s worth it,” “I’m so much better that I was six months ago,” and other phrases to remind yourself of the big picture.

Participles

Participles, Participle constructions

1. Use

  1. to shorten relative clauses
  2. to make one sentence out of two
  3. after verbs of ›perception‹ (e.g. see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel)
  4. after verbs of ›rest‹ and ›movement‹ (e.g. run, go, come, stay, stand, lie, sit)
  5. after the verb have
  6. instead of a subordinate clause

2. Form

  • Present participle: an exciting race
  • Past participle: excited people

3. Examples

  1. The cars which are produced in Japan are nice.
    The cars produced in Japan are nice.
  2. I saw the man. He came to the shop.
    I saw the man coming to the shop.
  3. I saw the car coming round the corner.
  4. The girl sat sleeping on the sofa.
  5. I have my clothes washed.
  6. When they went to Texas they expected a better job.
    Going to Texas they expected a better job.

Present Participle, Past Participle, Perfect Participle

1. Present participle

The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb.

1.1. Use of the present participle

  • Progressive Tenses

    He is reading a book.
    He was reading a book.
  • Gerund

    Reading books is fun.
    He likes reading books.
  • Adjective

    Look at the reading boy.
  • Together with other words

    He came reading around the corner.
    He sat reading in the corner.
    I saw him reading.

2. Past participle

The past participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.

2.1. Use of the past participle

  • Perfect Tenses

    He has forgotten the pencil.
    He had forgotten the pencil.
  • Passiv voice

    A house is built.
    A house was built.
  • Adjective

    Look at the washed car.
  • Together with other words

    The car washed yesterday is blue.
    He had his car washed.

3. Compounds with the past participle

This combination is also known as perfect participle. It is used to form an active sentence with the past participle. There is a time gap between the actions.

3.1. Past participle and having

  • Having read the book the boy came out of the room.
One action happened after the other.

3.2. Present participle

  • The boy came reading out of the room.
Both actions happened at the same time.

quinta-feira, 27 de abril de 2017

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns in English

1. Countable nouns

Most of the nouns are countable. You can combine them with numbers, e.g one, two or three. Here is an example:
  • one pencil
  • two pencils
  • three pencils
  • four ...

2. Uncountable nouns

These nouns cannot be combined with numbers.
  • water
  • butter
  • coal
  • money
  • salt
  • iron
If you want to express a quantity, you have to use a special phrase e.g. a glass of water.

Note:

Some nouns can be either countable or uncountable. We recommend to use a good dictionary to find out whether a noun is countable or uncountable or both.
Here is an example:
hair – hairs
  • You've got some hairs on your T-shirt. (There might be 5 or 6 of them.)
  • Your hair looks lovely. (Here you think of the hairstyle.)

Foreign plurals in English

Foreign Plural forms

These nouns have irregular plural forms. They often make their plurals according to the rules of the language they were taken from (e.g. Latin or Greek). Sometimes there is more than one plural form possible or these forms have different meanings. Always use a good dictionary when using foreign plurals. Here are some examples.
SingularPlural
analysisanalyses
appendixappendixes/appendices
axisaxes
basisbases
cactuscactuses/cacti
criterioncriteria
datumdata
diagnosisdiagnoses
indexindexes/indices
mediummediums/media
oasisoases
octopusoctopuses/octopi
phenomenonphenomena
syllabussyllabuses/syllabi
thesistheses

Gender nouns in English

1. Nouns used in their plural forms

In English he or she is used for people and it for things. But there are some exeptions.
male (masculine)female (feminine)
brothersister
nephewniece
boyfriendgirlfriend
actoractress
waiterwaitress
There are nouns which have the same form for masculine and feminine, e.g. cousin, doctor, singer, student, teacher. An extra word identifies the gender – boyfriend/girlfriend. The ending -ess indicates a female person – waiter/waitress.

2. Exceptions – Animals

If you know the gender of an animal, you can use he/she for it.
  • Where is the cat? She is in the garden.

3. Exceptions – Ships, cars, countries

For ships, cars and countries (when referred to by name) the feminine form is sometimes used, but this is rather obsolete. There is a tendency to use it instead of she.
  • The Titanic was a great ship, but she hit an iceberg and sank.

The plural of nouns in English

1. Regular Plural Forms

1.1. How to form the plural

We form the plural by adding -s to the singular of the noun.
SingularPlural
a cartwo cars
a cassettetwo cassettes
a lamptwo lamps
a hattwo hats
a cuptwo cups

1.2. Nouns ending in sibilants

Add -es. Add -s if the noun ends in one -e.
SingularPlural
a boxtwo boxes
a sandwichtwo sandwiches
a suitcasetwo suitcases
a rosetwo roses
a garagetwo garages

1.3. Nouns ending in -y

1.3.1. y after consonant

Change -y to -i, then add -es.
SingularPlural
a citytwo cities
a ladytwo ladies
There are two forms of the plural of the word penny:
  • pennies → You refer to the single coins.
  • pence →You refer to the price (how much sth. is).

1.3.2. y after vowel

Add -s after a vowel.
SingularPlural
a boytwo boys
a daytwo days

1.4. Nouns ending in -f or -fe

1.4.1. Add -s

SingularPlural
a rooftwo roofs
a clifftwo cliffs
a sherifftwo sheriffs

1.4.2. Substitute with -ves

SingularPlural
a thieftwo thieves
a wifetwo wives
a shelftwo shelves
Both forms are possible with the following nous:
  • scarf → scarfs/scarves
  • hoof → hoofs/hooves
Add -s for words ending in -ff.

1.5. Nouns ending in -o

1.5.1. Add -s

SingularPlural
a discotwo discos
a pianotwo pianos
a phototwo photos

1.5.2. Add -s

SingularPlural
a tomatotwo tomatoes
a potatotwo potatoes
a herotwo heroes
Both forms are possible with the following nous:
  • buffalo → buffalos/buffaloes
  • mosquito → mosquitos/mosquitoes
  • tornado → tornados/tornadoes

2. Irregular Plural Forms

SingularPlural
a mantwo men
a womantwo women
a childtwo children
a mousetwo mice
a toothtwo teeth
a goosetwo geese
a foottwo feet
an oxtwo oxen

Plural nouns in English

Nouns used in their plural forms

In English there are nouns that are used only in the plural.

1. Pair nouns

NounSentence
jeansWhere are my jeans?
glassesShe has lost her glasses.
scissorsThese scissors don't cut well.
If you want to refer to an exact number, use a/one pair of, like in the following example.
  • I have bought a pair of jeans.
  • I have bought two pairs of jeans.
There are more nouns: binoculars, headphones, pyjamas, scales, shorts, tights, trousers.

2. Nouns not used in the singular (headwords)

NounSentence
cattleMale cattle are called bulls.
clothesHe bought some new clothes yesterday.
stairsThe children ran down the stairs.
wagesThe wages are paid on the last day of the month.
people *Three people were killed in the car crash last Friday evening.
policeLook! The police are coming.
* The word people can be used in the singular with another meaning:
  • They are a friendly people.
  • The native peoples of Africa often have black skins.

3. Nationalities

The following nationalities (no -s) are used in the pural:
  • the Dutch
  • the British
  • the English
  • the French
  • the Spanish
  • the Welsh
The singular of the English would be the Englishman.

Proper names/nouns in English

Spelling of proper names in English

Proper names (or nouns) are capitalized in English. Here are some examples:
days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday
months: January, February, March
names of companies: Amazon, Coca Cola, Google
countries, towns: England, Canada, San Francisco
sights: The Grand Canyon, The Empire State Buildung, The Underground
books, films, prizes: the Bible, the Oscar, the Nobel Prize
names of people: Tim Smith, Jennie Baker, Theodore Roosevelt
famous people: Aristotle, Napoleon, Shakespeare

Singular nouns in English

Nouns used in their singular forms

In English there are nouns that are used only in the singular.

1. Collections

NounSentence
furnitureShe bought new furniture last week.
fruitWould you like some fruit?
hair*Your hair looks lovely.
other examples: luggage, jewellry

2. Some nouns ending in -s

NounSentence
newsGood evening. Here is the news.
physicsPhysics is our first lesson on Monday morning.
progressProgress was made in developing new technologies.
The United StatesThe United States is a country with 50 federal states.
other examples: athletics, billards, crossroads, darts, economics, gymnastics, maths, mumps, politics, series

3. Special nouns

NounSentence
homeworkMy maths homework was not easy.
informationFor further information on the hotel, phone us at ....
knowledgeHis knowledge of English is excellent.
other examples: advice, damage, work

Singular and plural for groups of people

Nouns used in singular and plural

Which phrase is correct - the class was or the class were? Is the word class a singular noun or a plural noun? This question cannot be answered with Yes or No. Use the singular if you see the class as a group of students. Use the plural if you see the class as single students.
In British English the plural is used more often than in American English.
SentenceExplanation
The family is on holiday.I see the family as a group.
The family are packing their suitcases.I see the single members of the family packing their suitcases.
SentenceExplanation
Team B was very successful today.I see Team B as a group.
Team B were very successful today.I see the single members of Team B. Each member of the team was successful. I could also say: All members of Team B were very successful.
There are more words which can be singular or plural nouns:
  • army
  • band
  • choir
  • class
  • club
  • crew
  • company
  • firm
  • gang
  • government
  • orchestra
  • party
  • staff.

Substitute word one/ones in English

The use of one/ones

We use one/ones instead of repeating a countable noun.
  • Singular: one
  • Plural: ones
John has three cars – a red car and two blue cars.
John has three cars – a red one and two blue ones.
Jack has five pens – two green pens and three yellow pens.
Jack has five pens – two green ones and three yellow ones
If you buy two bottles of water, you get a third bottle free.
If you buy two bottles of water, you get a third one free.